Gender stereotypes and gender of the leader and of the follower: their influence in attitudes towards women leaders. A study with Argentinian population

Authors

  • María Laura Laura Lupano Perugini Universidad de Palermo
  • Alejandro Castro Solano Universidad de Palermo

Keywords:

attitudes, gender, leadership, stereotypes

Abstract

In a first study, we tried to determine if gender of the leader and of the follower, influence in followers attitudes towards women leaders. The results didn’t show leader gender influence but show significant differences in favor of men leaders. The results didn’t show follower sex influence. In a second study, we tried to determine if stereotypic characteristics of women leaders and followers gender, influence in followers attitudes towards women leaders. The results showed unfavorable attitudes towards women with agentic characteristics; and general favorable attitudes towards leaders women who combine communal and agentic attributes. The results didn’t show follower gender influence.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

María Laura Laura Lupano Perugini, Universidad de Palermo

Doctora en Psicología. Becaria Postdoctoral Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Palermo. Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Alejandro Castro Solano, Universidad de Palermo

Doctor en Psicología. Miembro de la Carrera del Investigador del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Palermo. Buenos Aires. Argentina.

References

Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, M. A.: Addison-Wesley.

Atzmüller, C. & Steiner, M. (2010). Experimental Vignette Studies in Survey Research. Methodology, 6(3), 128-138.

Austin, A. W., Parrot, S. A., Korn, W. S. & Sax, L. J. (1997). The American freshman: Thirty year trends. Los Ángeles: Higher Education Research Institute, University of California.

Billig, M. (1986). Racismo, prejuicio y discriminación. En S. Moscovici (ed.), Psicología social (pp. 575-600). Barcelona: Paidós.

Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429- 444.

Brown, R. (1995). Prejudice: Its social psychology. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Butler, D. & Geis, F. L. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 48-59.

Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C. & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 367-383.

Calvo, P. (2006). Ellos avanzan, pero faltan 30 años para la igualdad. Clarín. Pp. 32-34.

Castro Solano, A., Becerra, L., Lupano Perugini, M. L. (2007). Prototipos de liderazgo en población civil y militar. Interdisciplinaria, 24, 1, 65-94.

Cortada de Kohan, N. (2004). Teoría y Métodos para la construcción de Escalas de Actitudes. Buenos Aires: Lugar.

Cuadrado, I. (2004). Valores y rasgos estereotípicos de género de mujeres líderes. Psicothema, 16 (2), 270-275.

Cuadrado, I., Navas, M. & Molero, F. (2006). Mujeres y Liderazgo. Claves Psicosociales del Techo de Cristal. Madrid: Sanz y Torres.

Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behaviour: A social-role interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erbaum.

Eagly, A. H. (2006). Prejudice: Toward a more inclusive understanding. En A. H. Eagly, R. M. Baron & V. L. Hamilton (eds.), The Social Psychology of Group Identy and Social Conflict. Theory, Application and Practice. Washington: APA.

Eagly, A. H. & Carli, L. (2004). Women and Men as Leaders. En Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. & Sternberg, R. (eds.), The nature of leadership. (pp. 279-301). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Eagly, A. H. & Carli, L. (2007). Trough the labyrinth. The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Eagly, A. H. & Chaiken, S. (1998). The psychology of attitudes. Texas: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J., (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573-598.

Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G. & Klonsky, B. G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 3-22.

Embry, A., Padgett, M. & Caldwell, C. (2008). Can leaders step outside of the gender box? An examination of leadership and gender roles stereotypes. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. Eysenck, H. J. (1947). Primary social attitudes. Int. J. Opinion and Attitudes, vol 1.

Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. (1995). Good for business: Making full use of the nation’s human capital: The environment scan: A fact finding report of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

García-Retamero, R. & López-Zafra, E. (2006). Congruencia de rol de género y liderazgo: el papel de las atribuciones causales sobre el éxito y el fracaso. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 38(2), 245-257.

Hovlan, C. I. & Sherif, M. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Heaven: Wiley.

Kelman H. C. & Pettigrew, T. F. (1959). How to understand prejudice. Commentary, 28, 436-441.

Kelman H. C. & Warwick, D. P. (1973). Bridging micro and macro approaches to social change: A social-psychological perspective. En G. Zaltman (ed.), Processes and phenomena of social change (pp. 13-59). New York.

Konrad, A. M, Ritchie, J. E. Jr., Lieb, P. & Corrigall, E. (2000). Sex differences and similarities in job attribute preferences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 593-641.

Krench & Crutchfield, D. L. (1954). Individual in society. New York.

Lupano Perugini, M. L. & Castro Solano, A. (2008). Liderazgo y género. Identificación de prototipos de liderazgo efectivo. Perspectivas en Psicología, 5(1), 69-77.

Lupano Perugini, M. L. & Castro Solano, A. (2010). Análisis de características estereotípicas de género en líderes y seguidores. SUMMA Psicológica UST, 7(2), 55-66.

Lupano Perugini, M. L. & Castro Solano, A. (2011). Actitudes desfavorables hacia mujeres líderes. Un instrumento para su evaluación. SUMMA Psicológica UST, 8(2), 19-29.

Lupano Perugini, M. L. & Castro Solano, A. (2011). Teorías implícitas acerca del liderazgo femenino y masculino. Un estudio comparativo en regiones culturales diversas. Revista Iberoamericana de diagnóstico y evaluación psicológica, 26 (2), 53-73.

Martínez-Pérez, M. D. & Osca, A. (2004). El éxito profesional desde una perspectiva de género: Propuesta de un modelo. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 57(2), 193-208.

Meertens, R. W. & Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Is subtle prejudice really prejudice? Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 54-71.

Mitra, A. (2003). Access to supervisory jobs and the gender wage gap among professionals. Journal of Economic Issues, 37, 1023-1044.

Morales, J. F. & Cuadrado, I. (2004). Introducción: Teoría de congruencia de rol del prejuicio hacia líderes femeninos. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 57(2), 135-146.

Morrison, A. M., White, R. P. & Van Velsor, E. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America’s largest corporations? Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Sarrió, M., Barberá, E., Ramos, A. & Candela, C. (2002). El techo de cristal en la promoción profesional de las mujeres. Revista de Psicología Social, 17(2), 167-182.

Smith, J. M. (2006). Women’s perceived leadership potential: stereotype threat and gender role stereotypes. Trabajo presentado en American Psychological Association 2006 Convention Presentation.

Smith, R. A. (2002). Race, gender and authority in the workplace: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 509-542.

Spence, J. & Buckner, C. (2000). Instrumental and expressive traits, trait stereotypes and sexist attitude: What do they signify? Personality of Women Quarterly, 24, 44-62.

Thurstone, L. L. (1929). Theory of attitude measurement. Psychological Review, 36, 222-241.

Twenge, J. M. (2001). Changes in women’s assertiveness in response to status and roles: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145.

Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta analysis. Sex Roles, 36, 305-325.

U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics (2007). Household data: Monthly household data (Table A-1: Employers persons by occupation, sex, and age). Recuperado de ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aa2007/pdf/cpsaat9.pdf.

Zimbardo, P., Ebbesen, E. & Maslach, C. (1982). Influencia sobre las actitudes y modificación de conducta. Bogotá: Fondo Educativo Interamericano

Published

11/27/2019

How to Cite

Lupano Perugini, M. L. L., & Castro Solano, A. (2019). Gender stereotypes and gender of the leader and of the follower: their influence in attitudes towards women leaders. A study with Argentinian population. Revista De Psicología, 9(17), 87–104. Retrieved from https://e-revistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/RPSI/article/view/2423

Issue

Section

Articles