Silent Victims: boys and girls exposed to gender-based violence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46553/RPSI.17.34.2021.p47-61Keywords:
traumatic event, abuse, direct victims, gender-based violence in couplesAbstract
The article raises a current and significant issue of great concern to society, that is, violence targeted towards children within the family, more specifically, their exposure to gender-based violence among the parents. In Uruguay, despite the high numbers of violence experienced by children within their home; the issue of exposure has not been properly addressed neither scholarly nor professionally. The literature review is a first step which seeks to review the conceptualization, classification, and consequences of children exposure to gender-based violence among their parents. The most striking of consequences includes that this violence is considered a trauma event that causes severe psychological impacts in children, affecting their emotional well-being, their family relations, their mental and physical health. It would be especially important, both in the short and medium term, to progress empirical studies that allow for appropriate and efficient evidence-based interventions.
Downloads
References
Afifi, T. O., Mota, N., Sareen, J. & MacMillan, H. L. (2017). The relationships between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 493. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4359-8
Alcántara, M. V., López-Soler, C., Castro, M. & López, J. J. (2013). Alteraciones psicológicas en menores expuestos a violencia de género: Prevalencia y diferencias de género y edad. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 741-747. doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.171481
Baco, L. J., Ranganathan, M., Watts, C. & Devries, K. (2018). Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ, 8(7). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019995
Barudy, J. & Dantagnan, M. (2005). Los buenos tratos a la infancia: parentalidad, apego y resiliencia. Barcelona: Gedisa
Barrios, Y. V., Gelaye, B., Zhong, Q., Nicolaidis, Ch., Rondon, M. B., García, P. J., Mascaro Sánchez, P. A., Sánchez, S. E. & Williams, M. A. (2015). Association of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse with Intimate Partner Violence, Poor General Health and Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant Women. PLOS ONE, 10(3): e0122573. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116609
Bayarri, E., Ezpeleta, R. & Granero, L. (2011). Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence, Psychopathology, and Functional Impairment in Children and Adolescents: Moderator Effect of Sex and Age. Journal of Family Violence 26(7), 535-543. doi: 10.1007/s10896-011-9390-4
Beck, I. & Romeo, M. (2016). Primer Índice Nacional de Violencia Machista. Recuperado de: http://contalaviolenciamachista.com/Informe-ejecutivo-final.pdf
Belay, S., Astatkie, A., Emmelin, M. & Hinderaker S. G, (2019). Intimate partner violence and maternal depression during pregnancy: A community-based cross-sectional study in Ethiopia. PLoS One, 14(7), 1-15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220003
Bidarra, Z., Lessard, G. & Dumont, A. (2016). Co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and child sexual abuse: Prevalence, risk factors and related issues. Child Abuse & Neglect, 55, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.03.007
Brewer, N., Thomas, K. A., & Higdon, J. (2018). Intimate partner violence, health, sexuality, and academic performance among a national sample of undergraduates. Journal of American College Health 66(150). 01-29 doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1454929
Callaghan, J., Alexander, J., Sixsmith, J. & Fellin, L. (2015). Beyond “Witnessing”: Children’s Experiences of Coercive Control in Domestic Violence and Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(10), 1551-1581. doi.org/10.1177/0886260515618946
Cater, A. & Sjögren, J. (2016). Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Describe Their Experiences: A Typology-Based Qualitative Analysis. Child and adolescent Social Work Journal, 33(6),473-486. doi.org/10.1007/s10560-016-0443-7
Cater, A. & Forssell, A. M. (2012). Descriptions of fathers’ care by children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) relative neglect and children's needs. Child & Family Social Work, 19(2),185-193. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00892.x
Edleson, J. L., Shin, N. & Armendariz, K. K. (2008). Measuring children's exposure to domestic violence: The development and testing of the Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) Scale. Children and Youth Services Review 30(5), 502-521. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.11.006
Esie, P., Osypuk, T. L., Schuler, S. R. & Bates, L. M. (2019). Intimate partner violence and depression in rural Bangladesh: Accounting for violence severity in a high prevalence setting. SSM Population Health, 7: 100368, doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100368
Fernández-González, L., Calvete, E., Orue, I. & Mauri, A. (2018). Victims of Domestic Violence in Shelters: Impacts on Women and Children. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 21, E18. doi: 10.1017/sjp.2018.21
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Polyvictimization and trauma in a national longitudinal cohort. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 149-166, doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407070083.
Fusco, R. A., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2009). Domestic violence crimes and children: A population-based investigation of direct sensory exposure and the nature of involvement. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(2), 249-256. doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.07.017
Gage, A. J. & Silvestre, E. A. (2010). Violencia materna, victimización y castigo físico infantil en Perú. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(7), 523-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.12.004
García-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L. & Watts, C. H. (2006). Prevalencia de la violencia de pareja: hallazgos del estudio multipaís de la OMS sobre la salud de la mujer y la violencia doméstica. The Lancet, 368(9543), 1260-9. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8
Greene, C. A., Chan, G., McCarthy, K. J., Wakschlag, L. S. & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2018). Psychological and physical intimate partner violence and young children's mental health: The role of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and parenting behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 77, 168-179. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.012
Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2010). The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(10), 734-741. doi: 10.1016 / j.chiabu.2010.03.001
Holden, G.W. (2003). “Children Exposed to Domestic Violence and Child Abuse: Terminology and taxonomy. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 6(3), 151-160. doi.org/10.1023/A:1024906315255
Holmes, M. R. (2013). Aggressive behavior of children exposed to intimate partner violence: an examination of maternal mental health, maternal warmth and child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(8), 520-30. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.12.006
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres, (2013). Primera Encuesta Nacional de Prevalencia de Violencia Basada en Género y Generaciones. Recuperado de: http://ine.gub.uy/evbgg-2019
Kelleher, K. J., Hazen, A. L., Coben, J. H., Wang, Y., McGeehan, J., Kohl, P. L. & Gardner, W. P. (2008). Self-reported disciplinary practices among women in the child welfare system: Association with domestic violence victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 811-8. doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.004
Kiesel, L. R., Piescher, K. N. & Edleson, J. L. (2016). The Relationship Between Child Maltreatment, Intimate Partner Violence Exposure, and Academic Performance. Journal of Public Child Welfare 10(4), 434-456. doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2016.1209150
Lapierre, S., Côté, I., Lambert, A., Buetti, D., Lavergne, C., Damant, D. & Couturier, V. (2018). Difficult but Close Relationships: Children's Perspectives on Relationships With Their Mothers in the Context of Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women, 24(9), 1023-1038. doi: 10.1177/1077801217731541
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A. & Martínez-Torteya, C. (2013). PTSD symptoms in young children exposed to intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women 19(2), 187-201. doi: 10.1177/1077801213476458
López Monsalve, B. (2014). Violencia de género e infancia: hacia una visibilización de los hijos e hijas de mujeres víctimas de violencia de género. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Alicante. Recuperado de: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=57775&orden=0&info=link
Lloyd, M. (2018). Domestic Violence and Education: Examining the Impact of Domestic Violence on Young Children, Children, and Young People and the Potential Role of Schools. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(9), 2094. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02094
MacMillan, H. L. & Wathen, C. N. (2014). Children's exposure to intimate partner violence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(2), 295-308. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2013.12.008
McTavish, J. R., MacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N. & MacMillan, H. L. (2016). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: an overview. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(5), 504-518, doi: 10.1080/09540261.2016.1205001
Ministerio del Interior, (2020). Denuncias por violencia doméstica y asociados. Todo el País. Recuperado de: https://www.gub.uy/comunicacion/publicaciones/indicadores-sobre-denuncias-por-violencia-domestica-y-asociados-2020
Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, (2015). Macroencuesta de Violencia contra la Mujer. Recuperado de: http://www.violenciagenero.igualdad.mpr.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/estudios/colecciones/pdf/Libro_22_Macroencuesta2015.pdf
Ministerio de Igualdad, (2019). Macroencuesta de Violencia contra la Mujer. Recuperado de: https://violenciagenero.igualdad.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/macroencuesta2015/pdf/Macroencuesta_2019_estudio_investigacion.pdf
Miranda, J. K., Rojas, C., Crockett, M. A. & Azócar, E. (2021). Perspectivas de niños y niñas sobre crecer en hogares con violencia de género en la pareja. Anales de Psicología, 37(1), 10-20. doi.org/10.6018/analesps.429651
Ohlson, C. (2010). Children Who Witness Domestic Violence. Recuperado de: https://pace.coe.int/en/files/12356/html
Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Ministerio del Interior, (2019). Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Prevalencia sobre Violencia Basada en Género y Generaciones: Informe General de Resultados. Recuperado de. https://www.gub.uy/comunicacion/publicaciones/encuesta-nacional-de-prevalencia-sobre-violencia-basada-en-genero-y
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2013a). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Recuperado de: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85239/1/9789241564625_eng.pdf?ua=1
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2013b). Comprender y abordar la violencia contra las mujeres. Recuperado de: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/98816/WHO_RHR_12.36_spa.pdf;jsessionid=DE8C55AC5206C7FD3996D445535F0852?sequence=1
Pernebo, K. & Almqvist, K. (2017). Young children exposed to intimate partner violence describe their abused parent: A qualitative study. Journal of Family Violence, 32(2), 169-178. doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9856-5
Perry, B. & Szalavitz, M. (2017). El chico a quien criaron como perro. Madrid: Capitán Swing Libros
Rogathi, J. J., Manongi, R., Mushi, D., Rasch, V., Sigalla, G. N., Gammeltoft, T. & Meyrowitsch, D. W. (2017). Postpartum depression among women who have experienced intimate partner violence: A prospective cohort study at Moshi, Tanzania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15(218), 238-245. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.063
Rosser Limiñana, A., Suriá Martínez, R. & Mateo Pérez, M.Á. (2018). [Child behaviour problems and parenting skills of mothers in environments of intimate partner violence]. Gaceta Sanitaria, 32(1) 35-40. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.02.004
Rosser Limiñana, A., Suriá Martinez, R. & Villegas, E. (2011). Impacto de la exposición a la violencia de género en los menores y respuesta institucional. En A. Rosser, E. Villegas y R. Suriá (coords) Intervención con menores expuestos a violencia de género. Edición Limencop: España pp. 53-66.
Ley 19747 de 2019. Modificación del capítulo XI de la Ley 17823. 10 de abril de 2019. Publicada en Registro Nacional de Leyes y Decretos. Uruguay. Recuperado de https://www.bps.gub.uy/bps/file/16226/1/ley-19747-articulado-completo.pdf
Shah, P.S., Shah, J. Ohlsson, A., Shah, V., Murphy, K.E., McDonald, S.D., Hutton, E., Newburn-Cook, C., Frick, C., Scott, F., Allen, V. & Beyene, J. (2010). Maternal exposure to domestic violence and pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Journal of Women´s Health, 19(11), 2017-31. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2051
Shonkoff, J. P. & Karakowsky, Y. (2014). Neurobiología del desarrollo en la primera infancia. Fundación para una sociedad sostenible. En Bravo, M. & Ruíz, F. Los invisibles. Las niñas y los niños de 0 a 6 años: Estado de la Educación en México 2014. p. 23-47. México Recuperado de: https://issuu.com/redj16/docs/los-invisibles_estado-de-la-educaci
Silva, J. M. M. D., Lima, M. C. & Ludermir, A. B. (2017). Intimate partner violence and maternal educational practice. Revista de Saude Publica, 51(34), doi: 10.1590 / S1518-8787.2017051006848
Sistema Integral de Protección a la Infancia y la Adolescencia contra la Violencia (2020). Informe de Gestión. Recuperado de: https://www.inau.gub.uy/novedades/noticias/item/3088-sipiav-en-cifras-se-presento-el-informe-de-gestion-2020
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2020). About Child Trauma. Recuperado de: https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/about-child-trauma
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2014). Los niños y la violencia doméstica: ¿Cómo afecta a los niños la violencia doméstica? Recuperado de: www.nctsn.org/content/resources
Van der Kolk, B. (2017). El cuerpo lleva la cuenta. Cerebro, mente y cuerpo en la superación del trauma. Barcelona: Editorial Eleftheria
Yount, K. M., DiGirolamo, A. M. & Ramakrishnan, U. (2011). Impacts of domestic violence on child growth and nutrition: a conceptual review of the pathways of influence. Social science & medicine, 72(9), 1534-54. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.042
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License