Efectos heterogéneos del comercio internacional: ¿Qué nos enseña la literatura?
Palabras clave:
comercio internacional, productividad, mercado laboral, desigualdad, bienestarResumen
Este trabajo revisa gran parte de la literatura dedicada a estudiar los efectos del comercio internacional sobre el crecimiento económico, el mercado laboral, la distribución del ingreso y el bienestar. De esta revisión se desprende que la integración comercial promueve el crecimiento, principalmente a través de mejoras en la productividad agregada de la economía, a la vez que genera una transformación de la estructura productiva que acarrea ganadores y perdedores. Además, los mercados están sujetos a fricciones que ralentizan las transiciones y acentúan los efectos heterogéneos del comercio sobre firmas, industrias, regiones y, en definitiva, sobre el bienestar de distintos individuos. Estos efectos se agudizan en presencia de restricciones financieras, baja movilidad laboral y debilidad institucional. En este contexto, es fundamental comprender los mecanismos por los cuales el comercio internacional genera dichos efectos para mejorar el diseño de políticas costo-efectivas, que permitan suavizar el proceso de ajuste para trabajadores y regiones desplazadas en pos de compartir los beneficios del comercio entre todos los miembros de la sociedad.Descargas
Citas
Acemoglu, D. (1998). “Why Do New Techniologies Complement Skills? Directed Technical Change and Wage Inequality”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (4), 1055-1089.
Acemoglu, D. (2002). “Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market”, Journal of Economic Literature, 15 (1), 7-72.
Acemoglu, D. and Autor, D.H. (2010). “Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings”, Handbook of Labour Economics, 4, 1043-1171.
Acemoglu, D., Autor, D, Dorn, D., Hanson, G. and B. Price (2016). “Import Competition and the Great U.S. Employment Sag of the 2000s”, Journal of Labor Economics, 34 (1), 141-198.
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. (2005). “The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth”, American Economic Review, 95, 546-579.
Acemoglu, D. and Restrepo, P. (2017). “The Race Between Machine and Man: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares and Employment”, NBER Working Paper No 22252.
Acemoglu, D. and Restrepo, P. (2017). “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets”, NBER Working Paper No 23285.
Ackerberg, D., Benkard, C., Berry, S. and A. Pakes (2007). “Econometric Tools for Analyzing Market Outcomes”, Handbook of Econometrics, 4171-4276.
Ackerberg, D., Caves, K. and G. Frazer (2015). “Identification Properties of Recent Production Function Estimators”, Econometrica, 83 (6), 2411-2451.
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R. and P. Howitt (2005). “Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120 (2), 701-728.
Aghion, P., Angeletos, G. M., Banerjee, A., Manova, K. (2010). “Volatility and Growth: Credit Constraints and the Composition of Investment”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 57 (3), 246-265.
Albornoz, F., Calvo Pardo, H., Corcos, G. and E. Ornelas (2012). “Sequential Exporting”, Journal of International Economics, 88, 17-31.
Amiti, M. and Davis, D (2011). “Trade, Firms, and Wages: Theory and Evidence”, Review of Economic Studies, 79, 1-36
Amiti, M. and Khandelwal, A. (2013). “Import Competition and Quality Upgrading”, Review of Economic Studies, 95 (2), 476-490.
Amiti, M. and Konings, J. (2007). “Trade Liberalization, Intermediate Inputs, and Productivity: Evidence from Indonesia”, American Economic Review, 97 (5), 1611-1638.
Amiti, M., Weinstein, D. (2011). “Exports and Financial Shocks”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126 (4), 1841-1877.
Antras, P., Caballero, R. J. (2009). “Trade and capital ows: A financial frictions perspective”, Journal of Political Economy, 117 (4), 701-744.
Antras, P., Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F. (2009). “Multinational Firms, FDI Flows, and Imperfect Capital Markets”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124 (3), 1171-1219.
Antras, P., Foley, C. F. (2015). “Poultry in Motion: A Study of International Trade Finance Practices”, Journal of Political Economy, 123 (4), 853-901.
Arkolakis, C., Costinot, A. and A. Rodriguez-Clare (2012). “New Trade Models, Same Old Gains?”, American Economic Review, 102 (1), 94-130.
Artuc, E., Chaudhuri, A. and J. McLaren (2010). “Trade shocks and Labor Adjustment: A Structural Empirical Approach”, American Economic Review, 100 (3), 1008-1045.
Atkin, D. (2016). “Endogenous Skill Acquisition and Export Manufacturing in Mexico”, American Economic Review, 106 (8), 2046-2085.
Atkin, D., Faber, B. and M. Gonzalez-Navarro (2018). “Retail Globalization and Household Welfare: Evidence from Mexico”, Journal of Political Economy, 126 (1), 1-73.
Autor, D. and Dorn, D. (2013). “The Growth of Low Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market”, American Economic Review, 5 (100), 1553-1597.
Autor, D., Dorn, D. and G. Hanson (2013). “The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States”, American Economic Review, 103 (6), 2121-2168.
Autor, D., Dorn, D. and G. Hanson (2015). “Untangling Trade and Technology: Evidence from Local Labour Markets”, Economic Journal, 584, 621-646.
Autor, D., Dorn, D., Hanson, G. and J. Song (2014). “Trade Adjustment: Worker Level Evidence”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129 (4), 1799-1860.
Autor, D., Krueger, A. and L. Katz (1998). “Computing Inequality: Have Computers Changed the Labor Market?”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (4), 1169-1213.
Autor, D., Levy, A. and J. Murnane (2003). “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (4), 1279-1333.
Aw, B., Chen, X. and M. Roberts (2001). “Firm-Level Evidence on Productivity Diferentials and Turnover in Taiwanese Manufacturing”, Journal of Development Economics, 66, 51-86.
Bagwell, K. and Staiger, R. W. (2016). Handbook of Commercial Policy. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Beck, T. (2002). “Financial Development and International Trade: Is there a link?”, Journal of International Economics, 57 (1), 107-131.
Beck, T. (2003). “Financial Dependence and International Trade”, Review of International Economics, 11, 296-316.
Beck, T. Demirguc-Kunt, A., Maksimovic, V. (2005). “Financial and Legal Constraints to Firm Growth: Does Firm Size Matter?”, Journal of Finance, 60, 137-177.
Becker, B., Greenberg, D. (2007). “Financial Development, Fixed Costs and International Trade”, mimeo: Harvard Business School.
Becker, G. (1964). “Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education”, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.
Bems, R., Johnson, R. C., Yi, K. M. (2011). “Vertical Linkages and the Collapse of Global Trade”, American Economic Review, 101 (3), 308-12.
Benabou, R. (2000). “Unequal Societies: Income Distribution and the Social Contract”, American Economic Review, 90, 96-129.
Berman, E., Bound, J. and Z. Griliches (1994). “Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor within U.S. Manufacturing Industries: Evidence from the Annual Survey of Manufactures”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109, 365-67.
Berman, E., Bound, J. and S. Machin (1998). “CImplications of Skill-Biased Technological Change: International Evidence”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113, 1245-1280.
Berman, N., Hericourt, J. (2010). “Financial Factors and the Margins of Trade: Evidence from Cross-country Firm-level Data”, Journal of Development Economics, 93 (2), 206-217.
Bernard, A., Eaton, J., Jensen, B. and S. Kortum (2002). “Plants and Productivity in International Trade”, American Economic Review, 93 (4), 1268-1290.
Bernard, A. and Jensen, B. (1995). “Exporters, Jobs, and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing, 1976-1987”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, 67-119.
Bernard, A. and Jensen, B. (1999). “Exceptional Exporter Performance: Cause, Effect or Both?”, Journal of International Economics, 47 (1), 1-25.
Bernard, A., Jensen, B., Redding, S. and P. Schott (2007). “Firms in International Trade”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21 (3), 105-130.
Bernard, A., Jensen, B. and P. Schott (2006). “Survival of the Best Fit: Exposure to Low-wage Countries and the Uneven Growth of U.S. Manufacturing Plants”, Journal of International Economics, 68 (1), 219-237.
Bernard, A., Redding, S. and P. Schott (2010). “Multiple-Product Firms and Product Switching”, American Economic Review, 100, 70-97.
Bernard, A., Redding, S. and P. Schott (2011). “Multi-product Firms and Trade Liberalization”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126, 1271-1318.
Bloom, N., Draca, M. and J. Van Reenen (2015). “Trade Induced Technical Change? The Impact of Chinese Imports on Innovation, IT, and Productivity”, Review of Economic Studies, 83, 87-117.
Bombardini, M. (2008). “Firm Heterogeneity and Lobby Participation”, Journal of International Economics, 75, 329-348.
Bombardini, M., Trebbi, F. (2012). “Competition and Political Organization: Together or Alone in Lobbying for Trade Policy?”, Journal of International Economics, 87 (1), 18-26.
Brambilla, I., Galiani, S., Porto, G. (2018). “Argentine Trade Policies in the XX Century: 60 Years of Solitude”, Latin American Economic Review, 27 (1).
Brambilla, I., Lederman, D., Porto, G. (2012). “Exports, Export Destinations, and Skills”, American Economic Review, 102 (7), 3406-3438.
Brandt, L., Van Biesebroeck, J. and Y. Zhang (2012). “Creative Accounting or Creative Destruction? Firm-level Productivity Growth in Chinese Manufacturing”, Journal of Development Economics, 97 (2), 339-351.
Braun, M., Raddatz, C. (2008). “The Politics of Financial Development: Evidence from Trade Liberalization”, Journal of Finance, 63 (3), 1469-1508.
Bricongne, J. C., Fontagne, L., Gaulier, G., Taglioni, D., Vicard, V. (2012). “Firms and the Global Crisis: French Exports in the Turmoil”, Journal of International Economics, 87 (1), 134-146.
Broda, C. and J. Romalis (2008). “Inequality and Prices: Does China Benefit the Poor in America?”, Working Paper.
Broda, C. and D. Weinstein (2006). “Globalization and the Gains from Variety”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121 (2), 541-585.
Burstein, A., Cravino, J. and Vogel, J. (2013). “Importing Skill-Biased Technology”, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 5 (2), 32-71.
Burstein, A. and Vogel, J. (2017). “International Trade, Technology, and the Skill Premium”, Journal of Political Economy, 125 (5), 1356-1412.
Bustos, P. (2007). “FDI as a Source of Finance in Imperfect Capital Markets: Firm-Level Evidence from Argentina”, unpublished working paper.
Bustos, P. (2011). “Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading: Evidence on the Impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian Firms”, American Economic Review, 101 (1), 304-340.
Caliendo, L., Dvorkin, M. and F. Parro (2019). “Trade and Labor Market Dynamics: General Equilibrium Analysis of the China Trade Shock”, Econometrica, 87 (3), 741-835.
Caliendo, L., Mion, G., Opromolla, L. and E. Rossi-Hansberg (2017). “Productivity and Organization in Portuguese Firms”, NBER Working Paper No. 21811.
Caliendo, L., Monte, F., and Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2015). “The Anatomy of French Production Hierarchies”, Journal of Political Economy, 123 (4), 809-852.
Caliendo, L., Monte, F., and Rossi-Hansberg, E., (2017). “Exporting and Organizational Change”, Working Paper.
Caliendo, L. and Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2012). “The Impact of Trade on Organization and Productivity”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127 (3), 1393-1467.
Card, D., Heining, J. and P. Kline (2013). “Workplace Heterogeneity and the Rise of West German Wage Inequality”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128 (3), 967-1015.
Card, D. and Lemieux, T. (2001). “Can Falling Supply Explain the Rising Return to College for Younger Men?”, Quarterly Journal Economics, 116 (2), 705-746.
César, A. y Falcone, G. (2017). “Heterogeneous Effects of Chinese Import Competition on Chilean Manufacturing Plants”, trabajo en segunda etapa de revisión en Economia Journal (LACEA).
César, A., Falcone, G., y Gasparini, L. (2018). “Import Competition and Labor Informality: Evidence from Chilean Manufacturing Workers”, documento de trabajo.
César, A., Falcone, G., y Porto, G. (2019). “Exporting and Organizational Change in Developing Countries”, documento de trabajo.
Chen, C. (2017). “Management Quality and Firm Hierarchy in Industry Equilibrium”, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 9 (4), 203-244.
Chiquiar, D. (2008). “Globalization, regional wage differentials and the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem: Evidence from Mexico”, Journal of International Economics, 74 (1), 70-93.
Chor, D., Manova, K. (2012). “Off the Cliff and Back? Credit Conditions and International Trade During the Global Financial Crisis”, Journal of International Economics, 87 (1), 117-133.
Clerides, S., Lach, S. and J. Tybout (2000). “Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (3), 903-947.
Collard-Wexler, A. and J. De Loecker (2015). “Reallocation and Technology: Evidence from the US Steel Industry”, American Economic Review, 105 (1), 131-171.
Corden, W., Neary, P. (1982). “Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small Open Economy”, Economic Journal, 92 (368), 825-848.
Costa, F., Garred, J., y Pessoa, J. (2016). “Winners and Losers from a Commodities-for-Manufactures Trade Boom”, Journal of International Economics, 102, 50-69.
Costinot, A. y Vogel, J. (2010). “Matching and Inequality in the World Economy”, Journal of Political Economy, 118 (4), 747-786.
Cosar, K., Guner, N. and J. Tybout (2016). “Firm Dynamics, Job Turnover, and Wage Distributions in an Open Economy”, American Economic Review, 106 (3), 625-663.
Cravino, J. and Sotelo, S. (2019). “Trade Induced Structural Change and the Skill Premium”, AEJ: Macroeconomics, 11 (3), 289-326.
Cruces, G., Porto, G., y Viollaz, M. (2018). “Trade Liberalization and Informality in Argentina: Exploring the Adjustment Mechanisms”, Latin American Economic Review, 27, 13.
Cuñat, A., Melitz, M. (2012). “Volatility, Labor Market Flexibility, and the Pattern of Comparative Advantage”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 10, 225-254.
Dauth, W., Findeisen, S. and J. Suedekum (2014). “The Rise of the East and the Far East: German Labor Markets and Trade Integration”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 12 (6), 1643-1675.
Deaton, A. (1989). “Rice Prices and Income Distribution in Thailand: a Non-parametric Analysis”, Economic Journal, 99, 1-37.
Deaton, A. and J. Malbauer (1980). “An Almost Ideal Demand System”, American Economic Review, 70 (3), 312-326.
De Loecker, J. (2007). “Do Exports Generate Higher Productivity? Evidence from Slovenia”, Journal of International Economics, 73 (1), 69-98.
De Loecker, J. (2013). “Detecting Learning by Exporting”, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 5 (3), 1-21.
De Loecker, J., Goldberg, P., Khandelwal, A. and N. Pavcnik (2016). “Prices, Markups, and Trade Reform”, Econometrica, 84, 445-510.
Demir, B., Javorcik, B. (2018). “Don't Throw in the Towel, Throw in Trade Credit!”, Journal of International Economics, 111, 177-189.
Dhingra, S. (2013). “Trading Away Wide Brands for Cheap Brands”, American Economic Review, 103, 2554-2584.
Dhyne, E., Petrin, A., Smeets, V. and F. Warzynski (2017). “Multi Product Firms, Import Competition, and the Evolution of Firm-product Technical Eficiencies”, NBER Working Papers 23637.
Diaz-Alejandro, C. (1963). “A Note on the Impact of Devaluation and the Redistributive Effect”, Journal of Political Economy, 71 (6), 577-580.
Dix-Carneiro, R. (2014). “Trade Liberalization and Labor Market Dynamics”, Econometrica, 82 (3), 825-885.
Dix-Carneiro, R. and B. Kovak (2017). “Trade Liberalization and Regional Dynamics”, American Economic Review, 107 (10), 2908-2946.
Dix-Carneiro, R. and B. Kovak (2018). “Margins of Labor Market Adjustment to Trade”, Journal of International Economics, 117, 125-142.
Do, Q. T., Levchenko, A. (2007). “Comparative Advantage, Demand for External Finance, and Financial Development”, Journal of Financial Economics, 86 (3), 796-834.
Do, Q., Levchenko, A. (2009). “Trade, Inequality, and the Political Economy of Institutions”, Journal of Economic Theory, 144 (4), 1489-1520.
Dollar, D. (1992). “Outward-Oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40 (3), 523-544.
Eaton, J. and S. Kortum (2001). “Technology, Trade, and Growth: A Unified Framework”, European Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 45, 742-755.
Eaton, J. and S. Kortum (2002). “Technology, Geography, and Trade”, Econometrica, 70 (5), 1741-1779.
Ebenstein, A., Harrison, A., McMillan, M. and S. Phillips (2014). “Estimating the Impact of Trade and Offshoring on American Workers using the Current Population Surveys”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 96 (4), 581-595.
Eckel, C. Iacovone, L. Javorcik, B. and J. Neary (2015). “Multi-Product Firms at Home and Sway: Cost- versus Quality-Based Competence”, Journal of International Economics, 95, 216-232.
Eckel, C. and P. Neary (2010). “Multi-Product Firms and Flexible Manufacturing in the Global Economy”, Review of Economic Studies, 77, 188-217.
Edwards, S. (1993). “Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries”, Journal of Economic Literature, 31 (3), 1358-1393.
Faber, B. (2014). “Trade Liberalization, the Price of Quality, and Inequality: Evidence from Mexican Store Prices”, Working Paper.
Fajgelbaum, P. (2019). “Labor Market Frictions, Firm Growth, and International Trade”, forthcoming Review of Economic Studies.
Fajgelbaum, P. and A. Khandelwal (2016). “Measuring the Unequal Gains from Trade”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131 (3), 1113-1180.
Feenstra, R. (1994). “New Product Varieties and the Measurement of International Prices”, American Economic Review, 84 (1), 157-177.
Feenstra, R. and G. Hanson (1996). “Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality”, American Economic Review, 86 (2), 240-245.
Feenstra, R. and G. Hanson (1997). “Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages: Evidence from Mexico's Maquiladoras”, Journal of International Economics, 42 (3-4), 371-393.
Feenstra, R. and G. Hanson (1999). “The Impact of Outsourcing and High-Technology Capital on Wages: Estimates for the United States, 1979-1990”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (3), 907-940.
Feenstra, R. and G. Hanson (2003). “Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality: A Survey of Trade and Wages”, Handbook of International Trade, 1.
Feenstra, R., Li, Z., Yu, M. (2014). “Exports and Credit Constraints under Incomplete Information: Theory and Evidence from China”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 96 (4), 729-744.
Feenstra, R. and D. Weinstein (2017). “Globalization, Markups, and US Welfare”, Journal of Political Economy, 125 (4), 1040-1074.
Findlay, R., Wellisz, S. (1982). “Endogenous Tariffs, the Political Economy of Trade Restrictions, and Welfare”. En Bhagwati, J. (editor) Import Competition and Response, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 223-234.
Finger, J., Hall, H., Nelson, D. (1982). “The Political Economy of Administered Protection”, American Economic Review, 72 (3), 452-466.
Fisman, R., Love, I. (2007). “Financial Dependence and Growth Revisited”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 5 (2-3), 470-479.
Foley, F., Manova, K. (2015). “International Trade, Multinational Activity, and Corporate Finance”, Annual Review of Economics, 7, 119-146.
Forbes, K., (2007). “One Cost of the Chilean Capital Controls: Increased Financial Constraints for Smaller Trade Firms”, Journal of International Economics, 71, 294-323.
Frankel, J. and D. Romer (1999). “Does Trade Cause Growth?”, American Economic Review, 89 (3), 379-399.
Friedrich, B. (2018). “Trade Shocks, Firm Hierarchies and Wage Inequality”, Working paper.
Galiani, S., Somaini, P. (2018). “Path-dependent Import-substitution Policies: The Case of Argentina in the Twentieth Century”, Latin American Economic Review, 27 (1).
Garcia-Marin, A., y Voigtlander, N. (2019). “Exporting and Plant-level Eficiency Gains: It's in the Measure”, Journal of Political Economy, 127 (4).
Garicano, L. (2000). “Hierarchies and the Organization of Knowledge in Production”, Journal of Political Economy, 108 (5), 874-904.
Goldberg, P., Maggi, G. (1999). “Protection for Sale: An empirical Investigation”, American Economic Review, 89 (5), 113-155.
Goldberg, P. and N. Pavcnik (2007). “Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries”, Journal of Economic Literature, 16, 39-82.
Goldberg, P. and N. Pavcnik (2005). “Trade, Wages, and the Political Economy of Trade Protection: Evidence from the Colombian Trade Reforms”, Journal of International Economics, 66 (1), 75-105.
Goldberg, P., Khandelwal, A., Pavcnik, N. and P. Topalova (2010). “Imported Intermediate Inputs and Domestic Product Growth: Evidence from India”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125 (4), 1727-1767.
Gopinath, G., Helpman, E., Rogoff, K. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of international economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Greenaway, D., Guariglia, A., Kneller, R. (2007). “Financial Factors and Exporting Decisions”, Journal of International Economics, 73 (2), 377-395.
Grossman, G. and E. Helpman (1991a). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge: MIT Press.
Grossman, G. and E. Helpman (1991b). “Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth”, Review of Economic Studies, 58 (1), 43-61.
Grossman, G., Helpman, E. (1994). “Protection for Sale”, American Economic Review, 84 (4), 833-850.
Grossman, G. and E. Helpman (2007). “Fair Wages and Foreign Sourcing”, Working Paper.
Grossman, G. and E. Rossi-Hansberg (2008). “Trading Tasks: A Simple Theory of Offshoring”, American Economic Review, 98 (5), 1978-1997.
Harrison, A. (1994). “Productivity, Imperfect Competition and Trade Reform”, Journal of International Economics, 36, 53-73.
Helpman, E., Itskhoki, O. (2010). “Labor Market Rigidities, Trade and Unemployment”, Review of Economic Studies, 77, 1100-1137.
Helpman, E., Itskhoki, O. and S. Redding (2010). “Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Economy”, Econometrica, 78 (4), 1239-1283.
Helpman, E., Itskhoki, O., Muendler, M. and S. Redding (2017). “Trade and Inequality: From Theory to Estimation”, Review of Economic Studies, 84 (1), 357-405.
Hillman, A. L. (1989). The Political Economy of Protection. Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics series. New York: Routledge.
Holmes, T. and T. Schmitz (2010). “Competition and Productivity: A Review of Evidence”, Annual Review of Economics, 2, 619-642.
Hsieh, C. and R. Ossa (2016). “A Global View of Productivity Growth in China”, Journal of International Economics, 102, 209-224.
Hsieh, C. and P. Klenow (2009). “Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124, 1403-1448.
Hummels, D., Ishii, J. and K. Yi (2001). “The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialization in World Trade”, Journal of International Economics, 54 (1), 75-96.
Hummels, D., Jurgensen, R., Munch, J. and C. Xiang (2014). “The Wage Effects of offshoring: Evidence from Danish Matched Worker-Firm Data”, American Economic Review, 104 (6), 1597-1629.
Hur, J., Raj, M., Riyanto, Y. (2006). “Finance and Trade: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Financial Development and Asset Tangibility on International Trade”, World Development, 34, 1728-1741.
Irwin, D. A. (2019). “Does Trade Reform Promote Economic Growth? A Review of Recent Evidence”, NBER workng paper No. 25927.
Katz, L. and D. Autor (1999). “Changes in the Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality”, Handbook of Labor Economics, 3A, 1463-1555.
Katz, L. and K. Murphy (1992). “Changes in Relative Wages: Supply and Demand Factors”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 35-78.
Khandelwal, A. (2010). “The Long and Short (of) Quality Ladders”, Review of Economic Studies, 77 (4), 1450-1476.
King, R. G., Levine, R. (1993). “Finance, Entrepreneurship and Growth”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32 (3), 513-542.
Kiyotaki, N., Moore, J. (1997). “Credit Cycles”, Journal of Political Economy, 105 (2), 211-248.
Kletzer, K., Bardhan, P. (1987). “Credit Markets and Patterns of International Trade”, Journal of Development Economics, 27 (1-2), 57-70.
Kovak, B. (2013). “Regional Effects of Trade Reform: What is the Correct Measure of Liberalization?”, American Economic Review, 103 (5), 1960-1976.
Krishna, P. and P. Mitra (1998). “Trade Liberalization, Market Discipline and Productivity Growth: New Evidence from India," Journal of Development Economics, 56(2): 447-462.
Levchenko, A. (2007). “Institutional Quality and International Trade”, Review of Economic Studies, 74, 791-819.
Levinsohn, J. (1993). “Testing the Imports-As-Market-Discipline Hypothesis”, Journal of International Economics, 35, 1-22.
Levinsohn, J. (1999). “Employment Responses to International Liberalization in Chile”, Journal of International Economics, 47 (2), 321-344.
Levinsohn, J. and A. Petrin (2003). “Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservables”, Review of Economic Studies, 70 (2), 317-341.
Lileeva, A. and D. Trefler (2010). “Improved Access to Foreign Markets Raises Plant-level Productivity for Some Plants”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125 (3), 1051-1099.
Lise, J. and J. Robin (2017). “The Macrodynamics of Sorting between Workers and Firms”, American Economic Review, 107 (4), 1104-1135.
Lucas, R. (1993). “Making a Miracle”, Econometrica, 61 (2), 251-272.
Machin, M. and J. van Reenen (1998). “Technology and Changes in Skill Structure: Evidence from Seven OECD Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (4), 1215-1244.
Magee, S. P., Brock, W., Young, L. (1989). Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory: Political Economy in General Equilibrium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Manova, K. (2008). “Credit Constraints, Equity Market Liberalizations and International Trade”, Journal of International Economics, 76, 33-47.
Manova, K. (2013). “Credit Constraints, Heterogeneous Firms, and International Trade”, Review of Economic Studies, 80 (2), 711-744.
Manova, K., Wei, S. J., Zhang, Z. (2015). “Firm Exports and Multinational Activity under Credit Constraints”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 97 (3), 574-588.
Manova, K., Yu, Z. (2016). “How Firms Export: Processing vs. Ordinary Trade with Financial Frictions”, Journal of International Economics, 100, 120-137.
Markusen, J. (1983). “Factor Movements and Commodity Trade as Complements”, Journal of International Economics, 14.
Marschak, J. and J. Andrews (1944). “Random Simultaneous Equations and the Theory of Production”, Econometrica, 12, 143-205.
Mayer, T., Melitz, M. and G. Ottaviano, (2014). “Market Size, Competition, and the Product Mix of Exporters”, American Economic Review, 104, 495-536.
McLaren, J. (2017). “Globalization and Labor Market Dynamics”, Annual Review of Economics, 9, 177-200.
McLaren, J., Harrison, A. and M. McMillan (2011). “Recent Findings on Trade and Inequality”, Annual Reviews of Economics, 3, 261-289.
Melitz, M. (2003). “The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity”, Econometrica, 71 (6), 1695-1725
.
Melitz, M. and S. Redding (2014). “Missing Gains from Trade?”, American Economic Review, 104 (5), 317-321.
Minetti, R., Zhu, S. C. (2011). “Credit Constraints and Firm Export: Microeconomic Evidence from Italy”, Journal of International Economics, 83 (2), 109-125.
Mueller, H., Oiumet, P. and E. Simintzi (2017). “Wage Inequality and Firm Growth”, American Economic Review: Papers Proceedings, 107 (5), 379-383.
Muendler, M. (2017). “Trade, Technology, and Prosperity: An Account of Evidence from a Labor-market Perspective”, World Trade Organization Staff Working Paper, 1-112.
Muuls, M. (2015). “Exporters, Importers and Credit Constraints”, Journal of International Economics, 95 (2), 333-343.
Naughton, B. (1996). “China's Emergence and Prospects as a Trading Nation”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 273-344.
Neal, D. (1995). “Industry-Specific Human Capital: Evidence from DisplacedWorkers”, Journal of Labor Economics, 13 (4), 653-177.
Neal, D. and S. Rosen (2000). “Theories of the Distribution of Earnings”, Handbook of Income Distribution, Chapter 07, 1, 379-427.
Nunn, N. (2007). “Relationship-Specificity, Incomplete Contracts, and the Pattern of Trade”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, 569-600.
Ohnsorge y Trefler (2007). “Sorting It Out: International Trade with Heterogeneous Workers”, Journal of Political Economy, 115 (5), 868-892.
Olley, S. and A. Pakes (1996). “The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry”, Econometrica, 64 (6), 1263-1298.
Ottaviano, G., Peri, G. and G. Wright (2013). “Immigration, Offshoring, and American Jobs”, American Economic Review, 103 (5), 1925-1959.
Parro (2013). “Capital-Skill Complementarity and the Skill Premium in a Quantitative Model of Trade”, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 5 (2), 72-117.
Pavcnik, N. (2002). “Trade Liberalization, Exit, and Productivity Improvements: Evidence from Chilean plants”, Review of Economic Studies, 69 (1), 245-276.
Poletaev, M. and C. Robinson (2008). “Human Capital Specificity: Evidence from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and Displaced Worker Surveys”, Journal of Labor Economics, 26 (3), 387-420.
Porto, G. (2006). “Using Survey Data to Assess the Distributional Effects of Trade Policy”, Journal of International Economics, 70 (1), 140-160.
Rajan, R., Zingales, L. (1998). “Financial Development and Growth”, American Economic Review, 88 (3), 559-586.
Revenga, A. (1997). “Employment and Wage Effects of Trade Liberalization: The Case of Mexican Manufacturing”, Journal of Labor Economics, 15 (3), 20-43.
Rodriguez-Clare, A. (2010). “Offshoring in a Ricardian World”, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2 (2), 227-258.
Rodriguez, F. and D. Rodrik (2000). “Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic's Guide to the Cross-National Evidence”, NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 15, 261-338.
Rodrik, D. (1995). “The Political Economy of Trade Policy”. En Grossman, G. y Rogoff, K. (ed.) Handbook of International Economics, Vol. 3, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1457-1494.
Rodrik, D. (2016). “Premature Deindustrialization”, Journal of Economic Growth, 21, 1-33.
Rosen, S. (1982). “Authority, Control, and the Distribution of Earnings”, JOURBell Journal of EconomicsNAL, 13 (2), 311-323.
Sala-i-Martin, X., Subramanian, A. (2003). “Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: Evidence from Nigeria”, NBER Working Paper 9804.
Syverson, C. (2011). “What Determines Productivity?”, Journal of Economic Literature, 49 (2), 326-365.
Song, J., Price, D., Guvenen, F., Bloom, N. and T. von Watcher, (2017). “Firming Up Inequality”, forthcoming Quarterly Journal of Economics.
Spanos, G. (2016). “Firm Organization and Productivity Across Locations”, forthcoming Journal of Urban Economics.
Spiller, P., Tommasi, M. (2009). The Institutional Foundations of Public Policy in Argentina: A Transactions Cost Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Svaleryd, H., Vlachos, J. (2005). “Financial Markets, the Pattern of Industrial Specialization and Comparative Advantage: Evidence from OECD countries”, European Economic Review, 49 (1), 113-144.
Topalova, P. (2010). “Factor Immobility and Regional Impacts of Trade Liberalization: Evidence on Poverty from India”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2 (4), 1-41.
Topel, R. (1991). “Specific Capital, Mobility, and Wages: Wages Rise with Job Seniority”, Journal of Political Economy, 99 (1), 145-176.
Traiberman, S. (2018). “Occupations and Import Competition”, Working Paper.
Trefler, D. (1995). “The Case of the Missing Trade and Other Mysteries”, American Economic Review, 85, 1029-1046.
Trefler, D. (2004). “The Long and Short of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement”, American Economic Review, 94 (4), 870-895.
Tybout, J. and M. Westbrook (1995). “Trade Liberalization and the Dimensions of Eficiency Change in Mexican Manufacturing Industries”, Journal of International Economics, 39, 53-78.
Utar, H. (2018). “Workers Beneath the Floodgates: Impact of Low-Wage Import Competition and Workers' Adjustment”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 100 (4), 1-17.
Utar, H. and L. Torres-Ruiz (2013). “International Competition and Industrial Evolution: Evidence from the Impact of Chinese Competition on Mexican Maquiladoras”, Journal of Development Economics, 105, 267-287.
Van Biesebroeck (2005). “Exporting Raises Productivity in Sub-Saharan African Manufacturing Firms”, Journal of International Economics, 67 (2), 373-391.
Verhoogen, E. (2008). “Trade, Quality Upgrading, andWage Inequality in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123 (2), 489-530.
Wagner, J. (2007). “Exports and Productivity: A Survey of the Evidence from Firm-level Data”, The World Economy, 60-82.
Woodward, R. (1999). Central America, A Nation Divided. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yeaple, S. (2005). “A Simple Model of Firm Heterogeneity, International Trade, and Wages”, Journal of International Economics, 65 (1), 1-20.
Yi, K. (2003). “Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of World Trade?”, Journal of Political Economy, 111 (1), 52-102.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
